{"id":573,"date":"2020-04-22T14:33:53","date_gmt":"2020-04-22T19:33:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/?p=573"},"modified":"2020-04-22T14:33:55","modified_gmt":"2020-04-22T19:33:55","slug":"music-in-the-closet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/2020\/04\/22\/music-in-the-closet\/","title":{"rendered":"Music in the closet"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Paris in the 1920s (much like New York) is often seen as an era of gaudiness, irony, and a general sense of the avant-garde in regards to arts, culture, and society. Important aspects of modernism were developed such as  <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dada\">Dadaism<\/a> in art, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camp_(style)\">camp<\/a> in fashion, and a myriad of changes in music, including the incorporation of jazz and a rejection of tonality. Many of these movements served to express multiple messages at the same time, often an obvious surface level message and a more subtle underlying message to those &#8220;in the know&#8221;. Paris, as the center of many of these cultural changes, found itself populated by many subcultures that emerged during the 1920s. Specifically it was the home for a queer subculture that flourished in the 1920s parallel to these cultural movements. Many people associated with the music scene in Paris participated in this subculture in their private lives, while maintaining a public persona in order to keep their social standing. This sense of being &#8220;in the closet&#8221; is reflected in their music. On the surface the music seems to tell a specific story, but look past that and you can see into the private minds of the musicians.<\/p>\n\n\n<p><iframe title=\"Spotify Embed: Satie: Socrate\" style=\"border-radius: 12px\" width=\"100%\" height=\"352\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/embed\/album\/3L2x93pRg8psvewFXv4zo3?utm_source=oembed\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n<p>Two scholars of the era, Samuel Dorf and Christopher Moore, have focused on analyzing the music of two of these musicians, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Erik_Satie\">Erik Satie<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Francis_Poulenc\">Francis Poulenc<\/a>, and through a queer reading of <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Socrate\">Socrate<\/a><\/em> and <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Les_biches\">Les Biches<\/a><\/em> have contextualized this music as using subliminal messaging to those &#8220;in the know&#8221;. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dorf employs a concept known as Sapphonics to make his claim that <em>Socrate<\/em> evokes queerness.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" name=\"sdfootnote1anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote1sym\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a> Sapphonics was a term coined by fellow scholar Elizabeth Wood, which she uses to describe a relationship between music and a listener\u2019s ear where a lesbian aesthetic is possible. <a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" name=\"sdfootnote2anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote1sym\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a> This whole concept is vague, as it is something you need to feel to understand, which is why I don&#8217;t see it as very valuable. Perhaps there is a better way to show the importance of a lesbian sexuality in music that doesn&#8217;t rely so heavily on a feeling that can&#8217;t be verified. I think the most striking aspect of <em>Socrate<\/em> is in relation to the text. Dorf notes that though some of the texts that Satie and Winaretta Singer-Polignac used in the composition have sexual references, they have notably been expunged from the text that was used in the piece, supposedly to keep the music as pure as possible. Though through a queer reading Dorf notes that what is purposefully left out of the piece is just as important as what is included.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"673\" src=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1254\/2020\/04\/1280px-David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates-1024x673.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-594\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1254\/2020\/04\/1280px-David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates-1024x673.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1254\/2020\/04\/1280px-David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates-300x197.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1254\/2020\/04\/1280px-David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates-150x99.jpg 150w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1254\/2020\/04\/1280px-David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates-768x505.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1254\/2020\/04\/1280px-David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates-1080x710.jpg 1080w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1254\/2020\/04\/1280px-David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates-980x644.jpg 980w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1254\/2020\/04\/1280px-David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates-480x315.jpg 480w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1254\/2020\/04\/1280px-David_-_The_Death_of_Socrates.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>The death of Socrates is one of the scenes depicted in <em>Socrate<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Moore took a different approach to analyzing Poulenc&#8217;s work, focusing on how the music and visuals of the ballet can be interpreted both as a product of 1920s Paris in general or as his portrayal of a queer subculture. Similar to Dorf&#8217;s argument, the queer reading of <em>Les Biches<\/em> really only works if you are &#8220;in the know&#8221;, but the most compelling aspect of his argument is the way he connects Poulenc&#8217;s music with his personality. Poulenc tried to keep his sexuality mostly hidden, but oftentimes it could be seen beneath the surface (as shown through some of his correspondence). This push and pull between authenticity and facade is present in Poulenc&#8217;s music as well. As Moore notes Poulenc was well known to borrow themes from other composers and imbue his music with a sense of irony and farce, though sometimes beautiful lines and textures would emerge before giving way again to playful music.<a class=\"sdfootnoteanc\" name=\"sdfootnote1anc\" href=\"#sdfootnote3sym\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/a> Moore compares this to the representation of camp in <em>Les Biches<\/em>. It makes a lot of sense to me that a composer&#8217;s own personal struggles and personality in general would be represented in their music.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"673\" src=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1254\/2020\/04\/lesbiches-1024x673.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-593\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1254\/2020\/04\/lesbiches-1024x673.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1254\/2020\/04\/lesbiches-300x197.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1254\/2020\/04\/lesbiches-150x99.jpg 150w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1254\/2020\/04\/lesbiches-768x505.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1254\/2020\/04\/lesbiches-1080x710.jpg 1080w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1254\/2020\/04\/lesbiches-1280x841.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1254\/2020\/04\/lesbiches-980x644.jpg 980w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1254\/2020\/04\/lesbiches-480x316.jpg 480w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1254\/2020\/04\/lesbiches.jpg 1369w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Some of the activity from <em>Les Biches<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<div id=\"sdfootnote1\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote1anc\" name=\"sdfootnote1sym\">1<\/a> Samuel Dorf, \u201c\u2018\u00c9trange, n\u2019est-ce pas?\u2019 The Princesse Edmond de Polignac, Erik Satie\u2019s Socrate, and a Lesbian Aesthetic of Music?\u201d FLS: Queer Sexualities in French and Francophone Literature and Film 34 (2007), 94.<\/p>\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" style=\"font-size: inherit\" href=\"#sdfootnote1anc\" name=\"sdfootnote2sym\">2<\/a><span style=\"font-size: inherit\"> Elizabeth Wood, \u201cSapphonics,\u201d in Queering the Pitch: The New Lesbian and Gay Musicology (New York: Routledge, 2006), 31.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"sdfootnote2\">\n<div id=\"sdfootnote3\">\n<p class=\"sdfootnote\"><a class=\"sdfootnotesym\" href=\"#sdfootnote3anc\" name=\"sdfootnote1sym\">3&nbsp;<\/a> Christopher Moore, \u201cCamp in Francis Poulenc\u2019s Early Ballets,\u201d Musical Quarterly 95 (Summer-Fall 2012), 331.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Paris in the 1920s (much like New York) is often seen as an era of gaudiness, irony, and a general sense of the avant-garde in regards to arts, culture, and society. Important aspects of modernism were developed such as Dadaism in art, camp in fashion, and a myriad of changes in music, including the incorporation [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1936,"featured_media":592,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[61,15,57,60,63,62],"class_list":["post-573","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-camp","tag-erik-satie","tag-francis-poulenc","tag-princesse-de-polignac","tag-queer","tag-sapphonics"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1254\/2020\/04\/camp.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/573","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1936"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=573"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/573\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":597,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/573\/revisions\/597"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/592"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=573"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=573"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/performinghistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=573"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}