{"id":644,"date":"2023-07-11T14:34:23","date_gmt":"2023-07-11T19:34:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/?page_id=644"},"modified":"2026-07-01T15:21:39","modified_gmt":"2026-07-01T20:21:39","slug":"iro-unrra","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/iro-unrra\/","title":{"rendered":"IRO\/UNRRA &#038; LWF"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_section_regular et_block_section\" >\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h1>IRO &amp; UNRRA<\/h1>\n<h1><span style=\"font-size: 80px; letter-spacing: -0.02em;\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 80px; letter-spacing: -0.02em;\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_button_module_wrapper et_pb_button_0_wrapper  et_pb_module \">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"et_pb_button et_d4_element et_pb_button_0 et_pb_bg_layout_light et_block_module\" href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/about-international-cooperation\/\">by Xiaoyang Hu<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_pb_with_background  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_section_regular et_block_section\" >\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #1c2b5e;\"><strong>United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_section et_pb_section_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_section_specialty section_has_divider et_pb_top_divider et_block_section\" >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_top_inside_divider et-no-transition\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_row et_block_row et_d4_element\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_2   et_pb_specialty_column  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row_inner et_pb_row_inner_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_d4_element et_pb_column_inner et_pb_column_inner_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration or UNRRA<\/strong> was an international relief agency established by the United Nations that focused on displaced persons after WWII. It was the first relief agency that established camps and provided basic needs for the DPs.\u00a0<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"#1\"><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>UNRRA cooperated with the Allied Forces in Germany and established assembly centers and displaced persons camps. A majority of its operations were focused on the repatriation of the DPs. The repatriation was considered successful as it repatriated around 7 million DPs, leaving the \u201clast million\u201d in camps. However, the repatriation did receive criticism for being too forcible and irresponsible in pushing people back.<span style=\"text-decoration: underline; font-size: small;\"><a href=\"#End\">1<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the DP issues started to ease and the funding ran out, <em>UNRRA gradually transferred its responsibilities to the newly established International Refugee Organization, specifically the Preparatory Board in late 1940s.<\/em><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"#1\"><br style=\"font-weight: 400;\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_3    et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_cta_0 et_pb_promo  et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_dark\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_promo_description\"><h2 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">\u201cThe United Nations have recognized that first things must come first, and that relief and rehabilitation are among these first things...[UNRRA] is designed to plan, coordinate, administer or arrange for the administration of measures of relief for victims of war and to facilitate such rehabilitation as is necessary to the adequate provision of relief.\u201d1      <\/h2><div><p class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Herbert H. Lehman, Director General of the UNRRA Administration<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>If you are interested in UNRRA and its history, please read the book <em>To Enable The United States To Participate In The Work Of The UNRRA<\/em>\", published by House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs. Another primary source recommended is a historical document,\u00a0<em>Reports to Congress on Operations of UNRRA<\/em>, by the United States President and UNRRA.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_pb_with_background  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_section_regular section_has_divider et_pb_top_divider et_block_section\" >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_top_inside_divider et-no-transition\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_divider et_pb_divider_0 et_pb_space\"><div class=\"et_pb_divider_internal\"><\/div><\/div><div id=\"LWC\" class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h1 style=\"text-align: center;\">UNRRA Cooperating with the Voluntary Agencies<\/h1><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The military signed an agreement with UNRRA that granted UNRRA the right to operate in the Allied Zones and to supervise voluntary agencies (VAs), such as LWF. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The result was that all VAs had to be recognized by UNRRA to enter. And not all were granted that, due to UN policies. For instance,<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\"> UNRRA rejected the UUARC and United Lithuanian Relief due to recognition issues.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a href=\"#End\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">2<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During its operations, UNRRA had trouble with keeping its commitments due to lack of personnel, transportation, and mail services. The cooperation with the voluntary agencies was rough as both sides lacked understanding for each other. The VAs thought UNRRA was not efficient in granting recognition to enter Germany and complained of the heavy paperwork required while UNRRA claimed that the VAs lack information of the actual scene of what is going on.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>*If you are interested in reading more about the UNRRA DP Registration, you can visit the <a href=\"https:\/\/eguide.arolsen-archives.org\/en\/archive\/details\/dp-2-card\/\">Arolsen Archive<\/a>.<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><br style=\"font-weight: 400;\" \/><br style=\"font-weight: 400;\" \/><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_0\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/UNRRA.jpg\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" title=\"Allied Expeditionary Force (June 1944), Ernest Witte Box 15, Social Welfare History Archives, Elmer L. Andersen Library, University of Minnesota.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap has-box-shadow-overlay\"><div class=\"box-shadow-overlay\"><\/div><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"852\" height=\"1058\" src=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/UNRRA.jpg\" alt=\"Allied Expeditionary Force (June 1944), Ernest Witte Box 15, Social Welfare History Archives, Elmer L. Andersen Library, University of Minnesota.\" title=\"Allied Expeditionary Force (June 1944), Ernest Witte Box 15, Social Welfare History Archives, Elmer L. Andersen Library, University of Minnesota.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/UNRRA.jpg 852w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/UNRRA-480x596.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 852px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-2430\" \/><\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_divider et_pb_divider_1 et_pb_space\"><div class=\"et_pb_divider_internal\"><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"LWF\" class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h1 style=\"text-align: center;\">International Refugee Organization (IRO)<\/h1>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_section_regular et_block_section\" >\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><span style=\"font-family: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-size: large;\">On June 30, 1947, UNRRA and Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees terminated and transferred to IRO.<a href=\"#End\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">3<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;\">IRO\u2019s responsibilities included managing the DP camps, cooperating with the voluntary agencies (VAs), and searching for permanent resettlement of refugees.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: inherit; font-size: large;\">Fortunately, the transfer from UNRRA to IRO was smooth. However, initially, like all the agencies, IRO lacked funding, meaning that sometimes they could only provide supplementary aids.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-size: large;\">Nevertheless, as more than half of the staffings in the IRO were British, it was suspected that there was a tendency of political bias in treating the Jews.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h2><strong><span style=\"font-family: Sura;\"> UNNRA vs IRO<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-size: large; font-family: inherit;\">IRO inherited an organizational machinery which UNRRA constructed. It was more concentrated on DP camps and resettlement, without having to worry about repatriation.\u00a0 IRO also had fewer displaced persons they worked with as so many were repatriated. Also, the timing was fortunate as more countries were open to DP resettlement.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/kids-on-the-train.jpg\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" title=\"Original Caption: &quot;A moment of quiet excitement as the train leave the Camp Grohn - Vegesack Station for the last ride to the docks at Bremerhaven, and the important voyage westward.&quot;\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap has-box-shadow-overlay\"><div class=\"box-shadow-overlay\"><\/div><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1782\" height=\"1364\" src=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/kids-on-the-train.jpg\" alt=\"Original Caption: &quot;A moment of quiet excitement as the train leave the Camp Grohn - Vegesack Station for the last ride to the docks at Bremerhaven, and the important voyage westward.&quot;\" title=\"Bremerhaven Train\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/kids-on-the-train.jpg 1782w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/kids-on-the-train-1280x980.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/kids-on-the-train-980x750.jpg 980w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/kids-on-the-train-480x367.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) and (max-width: 1280px) 1280px, (min-width: 1281px) 1782px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-2434\" \/><\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h2><strong><span style=\"font-size: x-large; color: #020202; font-family: Sura;\"> American Council of Voluntary Agencies for Foreign Service (ACVAFS)<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ACVAFS provided means of consultation, coordination, and planning\u00a0 for relief and reconstruction programs abroad. It i<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nitiated intensive activities to ensure VA\u2019s rights to IRO, while, at the same time, they<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> urged IRO to review VAs\u2019 agreements\u2019 with UNRRA. ACVAFS also s<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ent people to Germany in Feb. 1947 to learn about the situation.<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Needs of Displaced Persons<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_button_module_wrapper et_pb_button_1_wrapper  et_pb_module \">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"et_pb_button et_d4_element et_pb_button_1 et_animated et_pb_bg_layout_light et_block_module\" href=\"#graph%201\" data-icon=\"T\">Click the &quot;+&quot; on the graph<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_2_3 et_pb_column et_pb_column_12  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_code et_pb_code_0\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_code_inner\"><div style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<div style=\"position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; padding-top: 0; height: 0;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%;\" title=\"GOWIN'S VEE\" src=\"https:\/\/view.genial.ly\/64b5acdddb5fdb001a14affb\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_13  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_divider et_pb_divider_2 et_pb_space\"><div class=\"et_pb_divider_internal\"><\/div><\/div><div id=\"lwa\" class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h1 style=\"text-align: center;\">Primary Assistance<\/h1><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_section et_pb_section_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_section_specialty et_block_section\" >\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_row et_block_row et_d4_element\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_14    et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h2><strong>To Displaced Persons:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>IRO provided displaced persons with:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">basic care (including health checks) and maintenance<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> legal and political protection<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">possibility of repatriation<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> aid in finding opportunities for resettlement to other countries.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>To Lutheran World Federation Service to Refugees (LWF-SR)<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IRO provided free travel warrants for train travel to all \u201cInternational Personnel,\u201d which many LWF-SR officers were considered, through the occupational authorities. In Oct. 1950, 35 passenger vehicles were in use by LWF-SR, but IRO also provided five trucks for major supply movements. IRO also provided about 60% of the gasoline used by all LWF vehicles in Germany.<span style=\"text-decoration: underline; font-size: small;\"><a href=\"#End\">4<\/a><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/IRO-precautionery-dusting.jpg\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" title=\"Original Caption: &quot;Ina Dementjev, 9-year-old displaced Estonian, gets a precautionary dusting with DDT on arrival at Camp Grohn.&quot;\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap has-box-shadow-overlay\"><div class=\"box-shadow-overlay\"><\/div><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1252\" height=\"1874\" src=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/IRO-precautionery-dusting.jpg\" alt=\"Original Caption: &quot;Ina Dementjev, 9-year-old displaced Estonian, gets a precautionary dusting with DDT on arrival at Camp Grohn.&quot;\" title=\"IRO precautionery dusting\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/IRO-precautionery-dusting.jpg 1252w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/IRO-precautionery-dusting-980x1467.jpg 980w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/IRO-precautionery-dusting-480x718.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1252px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-2433\" \/><\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_15   et_pb_specialty_column  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row_inner et_pb_row_inner_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_d4_element et_pb_column_inner et_pb_column_inner_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/Agreement-4.jpg\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" title=\"Front page of an agreement signed between the IRO and WCC and LWF. LWF Geneva Archive, used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap has-box-shadow-overlay\"><div class=\"box-shadow-overlay\"><\/div><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1580\" height=\"2024\" src=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/Agreement-4.jpg\" alt=\"Front page of an agreement signed between the IRO and WCC and LWF. LWF Geneva Archive, used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.\" title=\"Front page of an agreement signed between the IRO and WCC and LWF. LWF Geneva Archive, used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/Agreement-4.jpg 1580w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/Agreement-4-1280x1640.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/Agreement-4-980x1255.jpg 980w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/Agreement-4-480x615.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) and (max-width: 1280px) 1280px, (min-width: 1281px) 1580px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-2180\" \/><\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h4><strong>Examples of how IRO was engaged in daily camp life during IRO operations:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Resettlement: If the LWF wanted to resettle a DP in the U.S., the LWF would have to interview the DP and create a dossier. As soon as a DP is matched for a sponsor, the dossier will be sent to the DP Commission as well as the IRO subarea offices. The DP would have to go through health checks issued by the IRO. The IRO would then validate the dossiers. IRO also organized the ships to the U.S.<\/p>\n<p>Travel: Another example could be that when a pastor travelled between camps to conduct service for DPs at other camps, they needed the travel warrants provided by the IRO and some support in transportation.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div id=\"fn\" class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_section et_pb_section_6 et_pb_with_background  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_section_regular et_block_section\" >\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"End\" class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_16  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"1\" class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h1 style=\"text-align: left;\">Sources<\/h1>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Haim Genizi, \u201c7. The Displaced Persons Commission and the Resettlement of MPs,\u201d chapter, in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">America\u2019s Fair Share: The Admission and Resettlement of Displaced Persons, 1945-1952<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1994).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and United States President., \u201cReport to Congress on United States Participation in Operations of UNRRA.,\u201d 1944, 19.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and United States President., \u201cReport to Congress on United States Participation in Operations of UNRRA.,\u201d<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Kenneth C. Senft,\u00a0 \u201cThe Lutheran World Federation and the Displaced Person\u201d (PhD diss., Lutheran Theological Seminary, 1952), found in Kierkegaard Library Rare Books Room.\u00a0<\/span><span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span>Another resource that aided in this research: <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Hauge, Osborn. <\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Lutherans Working Together: A History of the National Lutheran Council, 1918-1943<\/i><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">. New York: National Lutheran council, 1945.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_button_module_wrapper et_pb_button_2_wrapper et_pb_button_alignment_left et_pb_module \">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"et_pb_button et_d4_element et_pb_button_2 et_pb_bg_layout_light et_block_module\" href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/research-resources\/\" target=\"_blank\">Bibliography<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_section et_pb_section_7 et_pb_with_background  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_section_regular et_block_section\" >\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_17  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h1 style=\"text-align: left;\">Images<\/h1>\n<p>1. (Heading) Family sitting around desk, <span>Lutheran World Federation Service to Refugees 1947-1949 Photographic Section, used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>2. Allied Expeditionary Force (June 1944), Ernest Witte Box 15, Social Welfare History Archives, <span>Elmer L. Andersen Library,\u00a0<\/span><span>University of Minnesota.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>3. Group of people sticking their heads out from a train, Lutheran World Federation Photographic Section, <span> used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.\u00a0<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>4.<span>Xiaoyang Hu, \"Displaced Person Relief in Germany: As a Displaced Person, I have to think about\u2026\"<\/span><\/p>\n<p>5. Front page of an agreement signed between the IRO and WCC and LWF. LWF Geneva Archive<span>, used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>6. Young girl receiving dusting from IRO nurse, Lutheran World Federation Photographic Section,<span>\u00a0used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":5122,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-644","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/644","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5122"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=644"}],"version-history":[{"count":72,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/644\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5072,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/644\/revisions\/5072"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=644"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}