{"id":212,"date":"2023-06-26T13:17:05","date_gmt":"2023-06-26T18:17:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/?page_id=212"},"modified":"2026-10-02T11:31:28","modified_gmt":"2026-10-02T16:31:28","slug":"key-terms","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/key-terms\/","title":{"rendered":"Key Terms"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_section_regular et_block_section\" >\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h1 style=\"text-align: center;\">Key Terms &amp; Concepts<\/h1><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div id=\"dp\" class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_pb_with_background  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_section_regular section_has_divider et_pb_top_divider et_block_section\" >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_top_inside_divider et-no-transition\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h1 style=\"text-align: left;\">Displaced Person vs. Refugee<\/h1><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: Sura; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">When discussing World War II and aid to refugees, defining what a DP (displaced person) is and what a refugee is key to understanding the history. To summarize the core difference, Kenneth Senft, LWF-SR Area Director of the American Zone, writes:<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u201cNot all refugees are displaced persons, technically speaking, but all displaced persons are refugees.\u201d<span style=\"color: #2ea3f2;\"><a href=\"#fn\" style=\"color: #2ea3f2;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">1<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span>\u00a0<\/strong><\/h1><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-family: Sura;\"><span style=\"color: #8b2230;\">Refugee<\/span> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">is the broadest <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">term for those who had to leave their home due to external pressures<\/span>. In comparison, <\/span><span style=\"color: #8b2230;\">Displaced Person<\/span> <\/span><span style=\"color: #0a0a00;\"><span style=\"font-family: Sura;\">is a term <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">specific to the post-World War II context<\/span>. It describes a person\u00a0who has been a victim of regimes of the time and is under the care of the United Nations.<span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #2ea3f2; font-size: small;\"><a href=\"#fn\" style=\"color: #2ea3f2; text-decoration: underline;\">2<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h3><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_code et_pb_code_0\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_code_inner\"><div style=\"width: 100%;\"><div style=\"position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; padding-top: 0; height: 0;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Displaced Person vs. Refugee\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" style=\"position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/view.genial.ly\/64c7cb3a625f600019cd8695\" type=\"text\/html\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" scrolling=\"yes\" allownetworking=\"all\"><\/iframe> <\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>The majority of the DPs or refugees in this research's context tended to be Eastern European. To understand what the terms 'DP' or 'refugee' meant in their historical, cultural, and political context, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalww2museum.org\/war\/articles\/last-million-eastern-european-displaced-persons-postwar-germany\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">visit this article from The National WWII Museum.<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"churches-in-exile\" class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h1><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Churches in Exile<\/span><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This term was utilized by the displaced persons themselves as well as by LWF officials to refer to Lutheran groups who fled their home countries following or during World War II. These so-called \u201cChurches in Exile\u201d included Lutherans from Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Ukraine, and Poland.<span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a href=\"#fn\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">5<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To learn more about the life of Churches in Exile, be sure to visit the <a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/churches-in-exile\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Churches in Exile<\/a> page. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_0\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/Latvian-Congregation.jpg\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" title=\"Original Caption: &quot;The Latvian Lutheran congregation at Esslingen worships in the modern South Church on the hill above their camp.&quot;\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap has-box-shadow-overlay\"><div class=\"box-shadow-overlay\"><\/div><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"694\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/Latvian-Congregation.jpg\" alt=\"Original Caption: &quot;The Latvian Lutheran congregation at Esslingen worships in the modern South Church on the hill above their camp.&quot;\" title=\"Latvian Congregation\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/Latvian-Congregation.jpg 694w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/Latvian-Congregation-480x369.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 694px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-2298\" \/><\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"volk\" class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h1 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/occupation\/#volk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Volksdeutsche\/Ethnic Germans<\/a><\/h1>\n<p>Volksdeutsche or Ethnic Germans included those with German heritage yet were residing outside of Germany such as in Poland and Eastern European countries (ie. Baltics, Romania, and Ukraine). However, this definition is not so simple when looking at the history of WWII. As Doris L. Bergen contends, Volksdeutsche was a term created with the purpose of motivating Nazi movement into Eastern Europe as well as ethnic German participation in anti-Semitism and Nazism. Yet, through intermarrying, speaking different languages, or merely not following Nazi sentiments, not all ethnic Germans fit under this heavily politicized definition.<span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a href=\"#fn\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">6<\/span><\/a><\/span> Many Volksdeutsche became refugees in Germany and Austria after being expelled from their home countries or forced to flee from the Red Army beginning around the 1940s.<span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a href=\"#fn\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">7<\/span><\/a><\/span> After expulsions slowed and essentially came to mostly an end in 1949, while not qualified under the IRO definition of a displaced person, ethnic Germans began to find opportunities within or outside of Germany.<span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a href=\"#fn\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">8<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>For more information on Volksdeutsche and occupation during and after World War II, be sure to check out the <a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/occupation\/#volk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Occupation<\/a> page under Churches in Exile.\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div id=\"org\" class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_section_regular section_has_divider et_pb_top_divider et_block_section\" >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_top_inside_divider et-no-transition\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h1 style=\"text-align: left;\">Resettlement<\/h1><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_3_5 et_pb_column et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h1>Displaced Persons Acts in the United States<\/h1><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Beginning with the DP Act of 1948, the United States made many and amended policies and amendments surrounding the entry of refugees to the country. Such policies:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Set quotas;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Defined who the United States would let into the country in and for how long;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Created certain qualifications for acceptance (assurances)<span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #2ea3f2; font-size: small;\"><a href=\"#fn\" style=\"color: #2ea3f2; text-decoration: underline;\">9<\/a><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For more information on the effects of American DP Acts, visit the <a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/u-s-immigration-policies\/#1948\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US Immigration Policies<\/a> page. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_2_5 et_pb_column et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/Plakk-Suitcase.jpg\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" title=\"Original Caption: &quot;New neighbors for Napa, California, are the Rudolf Plakk family, formerly of Estonia.&quot;\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap has-box-shadow-overlay\"><div class=\"box-shadow-overlay\"><\/div><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"897\" height=\"637\" src=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/Plakk-Suitcase.jpg\" alt=\"Original Caption: &quot;New neighbors for Napa, California, are the Rudolf Plakk family, formerly of Estonia.&quot;\" title=\"Plakk Suitcase\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/Plakk-Suitcase.jpg 897w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/Plakk-Suitcase-480x341.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 897px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-2324\" \/><\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_12  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/Assurance_Example2-scaled.jpg\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" title=\"The Lutheran Resettlement Service, part of the National Lutheran Council, aided in finding and distributing assurances to Lutheran Displaced Persons. Here is one assurance for one person who worked in dairy farming.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap has-box-shadow-overlay\"><div class=\"box-shadow-overlay\"><\/div><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1972\" height=\"2560\" src=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/Assurance_Example2-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"The Lutheran Resettlement Service, part of the National Lutheran Council, aided in finding and distributing assurances to Lutheran Displaced Persons. Here is one assurance for one person who worked in dairy farming.\" title=\"Redacted Assurance Form- Lutheran Resettlement Service\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/Assurance_Example2-scaled.jpg 1972w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/Assurance_Example2-1280x1662.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/Assurance_Example2-980x1272.jpg 980w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/Assurance_Example2-480x623.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) and (max-width: 1280px) 1280px, (min-width: 1281px) 1972px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-2609\" \/><\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_13  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h1>Assurance:<\/h1>\n<p>a promise of a job and a place to stay in America<a href=\"#fn\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">10<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_accordion et_pb_accordion_0\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_toggle et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_accordion_item et_pb_accordion_item_0  et_pb_toggle_open\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"et_pb_toggle_title\">Nominated Assurance<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_toggle_content clearfix\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">an assurance specific to a person or a family; could be connected through agencies like NLC or LWF-SR or done by family members\/friends<a href=\"#fn\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">10<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_toggle et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_accordion_item et_pb_accordion_item_1  et_pb_toggle_close\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"et_pb_toggle_title\">Anonymous Assurance<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_toggle_content clearfix\"><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">an assurance not specific to a person but for anyone who fits the general requirements<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">usually LWF-SR would match a family\/person with these requirements and then sponsor them<a href=\"#fn\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; font-size: small;\">12<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_toggle et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_accordion_item et_pb_accordion_item_2  et_pb_toggle_close\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"et_pb_toggle_title\">Sponsor\/Sponsee<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_toggle_content clearfix\"><p>a person from a receiving country who provides an assurance to their sponsee, a refugee desiring to emigrate<span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a href=\"#fn\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">13<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div id=\"def\" class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_pb_with_background  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_section_regular section_has_divider et_pb_top_divider et_block_section\" >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_top_inside_divider et-no-transition\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_14  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_12  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h1>Organizational Acronyms<\/h1><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_13  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><blockquote>\n<p>For details about the many different organizations how they interacted, visit the <a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/international-cooperations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Cooperation<\/a> page.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_12  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_15  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_14  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/iro-unrra\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Transnational Non-Religious Organizations<\/a><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA),\u00a0 followed up by International Refugee Organization (IRO):<\/strong><\/span> Organized in 1943, UNRRA was <span>an international relief agency established by the United Nations that focused on displaced persons after WWII and was the first relief agency that established camps and provided basic needs for the DPs. IRO succeeded UNRRA's work in 1947, and its responsibilities included: managing the DP camps, cooperating with the voluntary agencies, and resettlement services.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Council of Relief Agencies Licensed to Operate in Germany(CRALOG):<\/strong><\/span> Established under the Truman Directive primarily to ship supplies over to Germany, CRALOG was a united body of 15 voluntary agencies licensed to serve in Germany.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_16  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_15  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/joint-christian-collaboration\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transnational Christian Organizations<\/span><\/a><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Church World Service(CWS):<\/strong><\/span> From 1946 to 1948, this Protestant relief agency worked in Germany in <span>child welfare, vocational training, education and personal counseling.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">World Council of Churches(WCC):<\/span><\/strong> Beginning in 1948, the World Council of Churches is an inter-church organization whose divisions were highly involved in relief alongside Lutheran World Federation Service to Refugees.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Young Men Christian Association(YMCA):<\/strong><\/span> YMCA is a worldwide Christian organization that had roots in post-war Germany through its<span> summer camps for children, training programs for youth leadership, and war prisoners' programs. It also has LWF staff working with them often.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_13  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_17  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_with_border et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_16  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">National and Transnational Lutheran Organizations<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Lutheran World Federation Service to Refugees(LWF(SR)):<\/strong><\/span> Established in Lund in 1947, this international Lutheran organization and its division <a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/refugee-services\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dedicated to refugee aid (Service to Refugees)<\/a> is the main focus of this website. LWF-SR primarily worked in spiritual aid (providing religious materials or organizing pastors\/congregations) and resettlement work.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/american-lutheran-aid\/#nlc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>National Lutheran Council(NLC):<\/strong><\/span> <\/a>The National Lutheran Council(NLC), formed in 1918, was an American Lutheran organization that primarily worked in <span>publicity, coordination of agencies and activities, and the creation of new agencies to deal with problems aroused by war and other emergency situations in the Lutheran Church.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/american-lutheran-aid\/#lwa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Lutheran World Action(LWA):<\/strong><\/span><\/a> Lutheran World Action was an American Lutheran fundraising appeal connected with the National Lutheran Council and Lutheran World Convention. Through different bulletins, films, or radio projects, it helped fund Lutheran relief services.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/american-lutheran-aid\/#LWR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Lutheran World Relief(LWR):<\/strong><\/span> <\/a>An important companion to LWA, Lutheran World Relief focused its efforts more on material relief, beginning in Germany and Finland but soon expanding to other countries.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/international-cooperations\/#LGA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Evangelisches Hilfswerk<\/strong><\/span>:<\/a> E<span>stablished by the bishops of the various Landeskirches of Germany at the bishop\u2019s conference at Treysa in 1945, Evangelisches Hilfwerk was the <\/span>aid organization of the German Lutheran Church.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div id=\"fn\" class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_section_regular et_block_section\" >\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_14  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_18  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_17  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3 style=\"text-align: left;\">Sources<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kenneth C. Senft,\u00a0 \u201cThe Lutheran World Federation and the Displaced Person\u201d (PhD diss., Lutheran Theological Seminary, 1952), 1.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ibid.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">United Nations, \u201cConstitution of the International Refugee Organization,\u201d December 15, 1946, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">United Nations, Treaty Series<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, vol. 18, p. 3, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/treaties.un.org\/pages\/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&amp;mtdsg_no=V-1&amp;chapter=5&amp;clang=_en\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/treaties.un.org\/pages\/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&amp;mtdsg_no=V-1&amp;chapter=5&amp;clang=_en<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ibid.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kenneth C. Senft,\u00a0 \u201cThe Lutheran World Federation and the Displaced Person\u201d (PhD diss., Lutheran Theological Seminary, 1952)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lutheran World Federation, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lutheran World Federation Service to Refugees in Germany 1947-1949. Materials for Report<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, vol. 1, ed. Howard Hong (1949).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Doris L. Bergen, \u201cThe Nazi Concept of \u2018Volksdeutsche\u2019 and the Exacerbation of Anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe, 1939-45,\u201d <em>Journal of Contemporary History<\/em> 29, no. 4 (1994): 569\u201382. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/260679\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/260679<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Ulrich Merten, <i>Forgotten Voices: The Expulsion of the Germans from Eastern Europe after World War II<\/i> (New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction Publishers, 2012), 7-20.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid, 20.<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Haim Genizi, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">America\u2019s Fair Share: The Admission and Resettlement of Displaced Persons, 1945-1952<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1993), 111; Mark Wyman, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DP: Europe\u2019s Displaced Persons, 1945-1951<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, (Associated University Presses, Inc., 1989), 195.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clara Anderson,. \u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Final Statistics of the DP Program,\u201d letter from Clara Anderson to Dr. Paul Empie, May 21, 1952, Box 8, Folder 20, Paul C. Empie Files, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Archives of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Chicago, United States.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Ibid.\u00a0<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Click the button below to view the complete bibliography for this digital exhibition.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_button_module_wrapper et_pb_button_0_wrapper et_pb_button_alignment_left et_pb_module \">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"et_pb_button et_d4_element et_pb_button_0 et_pb_bg_layout_light et_block_module\" href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/research-resources\/\" target=\"_blank\">Bibliography<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_pb_with_background  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_section_regular et_block_section\" >\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_15  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_19  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_18  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Images<\/span><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Diagram differentiating displaced person and refugee, created by Anneke Shiller using Genially\u2122.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Group of people sitting in pews, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lutheran World Federation Service to Refugees Photographic Section, used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Group of people walking with person holding suitcase, Lutheran World Federation Service to Refugees Photographic Section<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Redacted assurance form from Lutheran Resettlement Service, St. Johns Lutheran Church Archive, Northfield, MN, used with permission of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\"><span>*Description ordering is based on computer view. If viewing this page on a smartphone or tablet, please check the descriptions provided as the ordering may be distorted.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1456,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-212","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/212","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1456"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=212"}],"version-history":[{"count":80,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/212\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6195,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/212\/revisions\/6195"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=212"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}