{"id":212,"date":"2023-06-26T13:17:05","date_gmt":"2023-06-26T18:17:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/?page_id=212"},"modified":"2024-10-04T01:11:21","modified_gmt":"2024-10-04T06:11:21","slug":"key-terms","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/key-terms\/","title":{"rendered":"Key Terms"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;gcid-a950cd5a-da4d-4ed7-9be9-78132498d37a&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;22px||17px|||&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{%22gcid-a950cd5a-da4d-4ed7-9be9-78132498d37a%22:%91%22background_color%22%93}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; header_font_size=&#8221;60px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\">Key Terms &amp; Concepts<\/h1>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;Services&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; background_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; overflow-x=&#8221;hidden&#8221; overflow-y=&#8221;hidden&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;-3px||-3px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;52px|173px|30px|238px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;30px|145px|0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=&#8221;on&#8221; gutter_width=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; background_color=&#8221;#3E505C&#8221; width=&#8221;100%&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;35px|0px|0px|0px|false|false&#8221; box_shadow_color_tablet=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0)&#8221; box_shadow_color_phone=&#8221;&#8221; box_shadow_color_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{%22gcid-a950cd5a-da4d-4ed7-9be9-78132498d37a%22:%91%22background_color%22%93}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; background_color=&#8221;#3E505C&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|60px||60px|false|true&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;|20px||20px|false|true&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text module_id=&#8221;#dp&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.22.2&#8243; text_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; text_line_height=&#8221;2em&#8221; header_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; header_3_font=&#8221;|700|||||||&#8221; header_3_line_height=&#8221;1.5em&#8221; background_color=&#8221;rgba(224,216,200,0.15)&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; max_width=&#8221;800px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;-36px|-60px||-60px|false|true&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;|-20px||-20px|false|true&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;20px|60px|20px|60px|true|true&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;|20px||20px|true|true&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; link_option_url=&#8221;#Displaced PersonsvsRefugees&#8221; text_line_height_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; text_line_height_phone=&#8221;1.6em&#8221; text_line_height_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; header_3_font_size_tablet=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_3_font_size_phone=&#8221;14px&#8221; header_3_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; box_shadow_style=&#8221;preset4&#8243; box_shadow_horizontal=&#8221;0px&#8221; box_shadow_vertical=&#8221;0px&#8221; box_shadow_horizontal_last_edited=&#8221;off|desktop&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; box_shadow_horizontal__hover_enabled=&#8221;on&#8221; box_shadow_horizontal__hover=&#8221;-20px&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1><a href=\"#dp\">Displaced Person vs. Refugee<\/a><\/h1>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.22.2&#8243; text_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;2em&#8221; header_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; header_3_font=&#8221;|700|||||||&#8221; header_3_line_height=&#8221;1.5em&#8221; background_color=&#8221;rgba(224,216,200,0.25)&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; max_width=&#8221;800px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;|-60px||-60px|false|true&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;|-20px||-20px|false|true&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;20px|60px|20px|60px|true|true&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;|20px||20px|true|true&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; link_option_url=&#8221;#org&#8221; text_line_height_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; text_line_height_phone=&#8221;1.6em&#8221; text_line_height_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; header_3_font_size_tablet=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_3_font_size_phone=&#8221;14px&#8221; header_3_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; box_shadow_style=&#8221;preset4&#8243; box_shadow_horizontal=&#8221;0px&#8221; box_shadow_vertical=&#8221;0px&#8221; box_shadow_horizontal_last_edited=&#8221;off|desktop&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; box_shadow_horizontal__hover=&#8221;-20px&#8221; box_shadow_horizontal__hover_enabled=&#8221;on&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1><a href=\"#org\">Resettlement<\/a><\/h1>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.22.2&#8243; text_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;2em&#8221; header_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; header_3_font=&#8221;|700|||||||&#8221; header_3_line_height=&#8221;1.5em&#8221; background_color=&#8221;rgba(224,216,200,0.35)&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; max_width=&#8221;800px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;|-60px||-60px|false|true&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;|-20px||-20px|false|true&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;20px|60px|100px|60px|false|true&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;|20px||20px|true|true&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; link_option_url=&#8221;#def&#8221; text_line_height_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; text_line_height_phone=&#8221;1.6em&#8221; text_line_height_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; header_3_font_size_tablet=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_3_font_size_phone=&#8221;14px&#8221; header_3_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; box_shadow_style=&#8221;preset4&#8243; box_shadow_horizontal=&#8221;0px&#8221; box_shadow_vertical=&#8221;0px&#8221; box_shadow_horizontal_last_edited=&#8221;off|desktop&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; box_shadow_horizontal__hover=&#8221;-20px&#8221; box_shadow_horizontal__hover_enabled=&#8221;on&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1><a href=\"#def\">Organizational Acronyms<\/a><\/h1>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; module_id=&#8221;dp&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; top_divider_style=&#8221;slant2&#8243; top_divider_color=&#8221;#3f5b73&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{%22gcid-a950cd5a-da4d-4ed7-9be9-78132498d37a%22:%91%22top_divider_color%22%93}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; width=&#8221;80.4%&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|0px||||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_font_size=&#8221;45px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: left;\">Displaced Person vs. Refugee<\/h1>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.22.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_3_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; inline_fonts=&#8221;Sura&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: Sura; font-weight: normal;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">When discussing World War II and aid to refugees, defining what a DP (displaced person) is and what a refugee is key to understanding the history. To summarize the core difference, Kenneth Senft, LWF-SR Area Director of the American Zone, writes:<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#bf5e5e&#8221; header_font=&#8221;Sura||||||||&#8221; header_text_color=&#8221;#bf5e5e&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|20px|0px|20px|false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u201cNot all refugees are displaced persons, technically speaking, but all displaced persons are refugees.\u201d<span style=\"color: #2ea3f2;\"><a href=\"#fn\" style=\"color: #2ea3f2;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">1<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span>\u00a0<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.22.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_3_line_height=&#8221;1.4em&#8221; inline_fonts=&#8221;Sura&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-family: Sura;\"><span style=\"color: #8b2230;\">Refugee<\/span> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">is the broadest <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">term for those who had to leave their home due to external pressures<\/span>. In comparison, <\/span><span style=\"color: #8b2230;\">Displaced Person<\/span> <\/span><span style=\"color: #0a0a00;\"><span style=\"font-family: Sura;\">is a term <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">specific to the post-World War II context<\/span>. It describes a person\u00a0who has been a victim of regimes of the time and is under the care of the United Nations.<span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #2ea3f2; font-size: small;\"><a href=\"#fn\" style=\"color: #2ea3f2; text-decoration: underline;\">2<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_code _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 100%;\">\n<div style=\"position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; padding-top: 0; height: 0;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Displaced Person vs. Refugee\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" style=\"position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%;\" src=\"https:\/\/view.genial.ly\/64c7cb3a625f600019cd8695\" type=\"text\/html\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" scrolling=\"yes\" allownetworking=\"all\"><\/iframe> <\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_code][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.22.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;20px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>The majority of the DPs or refugees in this research&#8217;s context tended to be Eastern European. To understand what the terms &#8216;DP&#8217; or &#8216;refugee&#8217; meant in their historical, cultural, and political context, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalww2museum.org\/war\/articles\/last-million-eastern-european-displaced-persons-postwar-germany\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">visit this article from The National WWII Museum.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;12px||0px|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text quote_border_color=&#8221;#a69665&#8243; module_id=&#8221;churches-in-exile&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;20px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Churches in Exile<\/span><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This term was utilized by the displaced persons themselves as well as by LWF officials to refer to Lutheran groups who fled their home countries following or during World War II. These so-called \u201cChurches in Exile\u201d included Lutherans from Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Ukraine, and Poland.<span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a href=\"#fn\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">5<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To learn more about the life of Churches in Exile, be sure to visit the <a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/churches-in-exile\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Churches in Exile<\/a> page. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/Latvian-Congregation.jpg&#8221; alt=&#8221;Original Caption: %22The Latvian Lutheran congregation at Esslingen worships in the modern South Church on the hill above their camp.%22&#8243; title_text=&#8221;Latvian Congregation&#8221; show_in_lightbox=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; box_shadow_style=&#8221;preset1&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text quote_border_color=&#8221;#a69665&#8243; module_id=&#8221;volk&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/occupation\/#volk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Volksdeutsche\/Ethnic Germans<\/a><\/h1>\n<p>Volksdeutsche or Ethnic Germans included those with German heritage yet were residing outside of Germany such as in Poland and Eastern European countries (ie. Baltics, Romania, and Ukraine). However, this definition is not so simple when looking at the history of WWII. As Doris L. Bergen contends, Volksdeutsche was a term created with the purpose of motivating Nazi movement into Eastern Europe as well as ethnic German participation in anti-Semitism and Nazism. Yet, through intermarrying, speaking different languages, or merely not following Nazi sentiments, not all ethnic Germans fit under this heavily politicized definition.<span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a href=\"#fn\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">6<\/span><\/a><\/span> Many Volksdeutsche became refugees in Germany and Austria after being expelled from their home countries or forced to flee from the Red Army beginning around the 1940s.<span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a href=\"#fn\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">7<\/span><\/a><\/span> After expulsions slowed and essentially came to mostly an end in 1949, while not qualified under the IRO definition of a displaced person, ethnic Germans began to find opportunities within or outside of Germany.<span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a href=\"#fn\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">8<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>For more information on Volksdeutsche and occupation during and after World War II, be sure to check out the <a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/occupation\/#volk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Occupation<\/a> page under Churches in Exile.\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; module_id=&#8221;org&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; top_divider_style=&#8221;slant2&#8243; top_divider_color=&#8221;gcid-a950cd5a-da4d-4ed7-9be9-78132498d37a&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{%22gcid-a950cd5a-da4d-4ed7-9be9-78132498d37a%22:%91%22top_divider_color%22%93}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_font_size=&#8221;45px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: left;\">Resettlement<\/h1>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;3_5,2_5&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;3_5&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1>Displaced Persons Acts in the United States<\/h1>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text quote_border_color=&#8221;#a69665&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;24px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Beginning with the DP Act of 1948, the United States made many and amended policies and amendments surrounding the entry of refugees to the country. Such policies:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Set quotas;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Defined who the United States would let into the country in and for how long;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Created certain qualifications for acceptance (assurances)<span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #2ea3f2; font-size: small;\"><a href=\"#fn\" style=\"color: #2ea3f2; text-decoration: underline;\">9<\/a><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For more information on the effects of American DP Acts, visit the <a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/u-s-immigration-policies\/#1948\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US Immigration Policies<\/a> page. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_5&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/Plakk-Suitcase.jpg&#8221; alt=&#8221;Original Caption: %22New neighbors for Napa, California, are the Rudolf Plakk family, formerly of Estonia.%22&#8243; title_text=&#8221;Plakk Suitcase&#8221; show_in_lightbox=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;75px||||false|false&#8221; box_shadow_style=&#8221;preset1&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/Assurance_Example2-scaled.jpg&#8221; alt=&#8221;The Lutheran Resettlement Service, part of the National Lutheran Council, aided in finding and distributing assurances to Lutheran Displaced Persons. Here is one assurance for one person who worked in dairy farming.&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Redacted Assurance Form- Lutheran Resettlement Service&#8221; show_in_lightbox=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; box_shadow_style=&#8221;preset1&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; header_3_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1>Assurance:<\/h1>\n<p>a promise of a job and a place to stay in America<a href=\"#fn\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">10<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_accordion _builder_version=&#8221;4.22.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_accordion_item title=&#8221;Nominated Assurance&#8221; open=&#8221;on&#8221; open_toggle_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; closed_toggle_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.22.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; body_font=&#8221;Sura||||||||&#8221; body_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; body_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; background_color=&#8221;gcid-a950cd5a-da4d-4ed7-9be9-78132498d37a&#8221; background_enable_color=&#8221;on&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{%22gcid-a950cd5a-da4d-4ed7-9be9-78132498d37a%22:%91%22background_color%22%93}&#8221; toggle_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; toggle_level=&#8221;h3&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">an assurance specific to a person or a family; could be connected through agencies like NLC or LWF-SR or done by family members\/friends<a href=\"#fn\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">10<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=&#8221;Anonymous Assurance&#8221; open_toggle_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.22.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; body_font=&#8221;Sura||||||||&#8221; body_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; body_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; background_color=&#8221;gcid-a950cd5a-da4d-4ed7-9be9-78132498d37a&#8221; background_enable_color=&#8221;on&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{%22gcid-a950cd5a-da4d-4ed7-9be9-78132498d37a%22:%91%22background_color%22%93}&#8221; toggle_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; toggle_level=&#8221;h3&#8243; open=&#8221;off&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">an assurance not specific to a person but for anyone who fits the general requirements<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">usually LWF-SR would match a family\/person with these requirements and then sponsor them<a href=\"#fn\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; font-size: small;\">12<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=&#8221;Sponsor\/Sponsee&#8221; open_toggle_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.22.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; body_font=&#8221;Sura||||||||&#8221; body_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; body_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; background_color=&#8221;gcid-a950cd5a-da4d-4ed7-9be9-78132498d37a&#8221; background_enable_color=&#8221;on&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{%22gcid-a950cd5a-da4d-4ed7-9be9-78132498d37a%22:%91%22background_color%22%93}&#8221; toggle_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; toggle_level=&#8221;h3&#8243; open=&#8221;off&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>a person from a receiving country who provides an assurance to their sponsee, a refugee desiring to emigrate<span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a href=\"#fn\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">13<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_accordion_item][\/et_pb_accordion][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; module_id=&#8221;def&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; top_divider_style=&#8221;slant2&#8243; top_divider_color=&#8221;#3f5b73&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{%22gcid-a950cd5a-da4d-4ed7-9be9-78132498d37a%22:%91%22top_divider_color%22%93}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_font_size=&#8221;45px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1>Organizational Acronyms<\/h1>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text quote_border_color=&#8221;#a69665&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||-50px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>For details about the many different organizations how they interacted, visit the <a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/international-cooperations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Cooperation<\/a> page.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; header_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; header_2_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; background_color=&#8221;gcid-a950cd5a-da4d-4ed7-9be9-78132498d37a&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;20px|20px|20px|20px|false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{%22gcid-a950cd5a-da4d-4ed7-9be9-78132498d37a%22:%91%22background_color%22%93}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/iro-unrra\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Transnational Non-Religious Organizations<\/a><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA),\u00a0 followed up by International Refugee Organization (IRO):<\/strong><\/span> Organized in 1943, UNRRA was <span>an international relief agency established by the United Nations that focused on displaced persons after WWII and was the first relief agency that established camps and provided basic needs for the DPs. IRO succeeded UNRRA&#8217;s work in 1947, and its responsibilities included: managing the DP camps, cooperating with the voluntary agencies, and resettlement services.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Council of Relief Agencies Licensed to Operate in Germany(CRALOG):<\/strong><\/span> Established under the Truman Directive primarily to ship supplies over to Germany, CRALOG was a united body of 15 voluntary agencies licensed to serve in Germany.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; header_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; header_2_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; background_color=&#8221;gcid-c4f4b217-3d4e-4e0c-b6e7-c5bcec5efa27&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;20px|20px|127px|20px|false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{%22gcid-c4f4b217-3d4e-4e0c-b6e7-c5bcec5efa27%22:%91%22background_color%22%93}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/joint-christian-collaboration\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transnational Christian Organizations<\/span><\/a><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Church World Service(CWS):<\/strong><\/span> From 1946 to 1948, this Protestant relief agency worked in Germany in <span>child welfare, vocational training, education and personal counseling.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">World Council of Churches(WCC):<\/span><\/strong> Beginning in 1948, the World Council of Churches is an inter-church organization whose divisions were highly involved in relief alongside Lutheran World Federation Service to Refugees.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Young Men Christian Association(YMCA):<\/strong><\/span> YMCA is a worldwide Christian organization that had roots in post-war Germany through its<span> summer camps for children, training programs for youth leadership, and war prisoners&#8217; programs. It also has LWF staff working with them often.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.23.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;20px||20px||false|false&#8221; border_width_all=&#8221;1px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">National and Transnational Lutheran Organizations<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Lutheran World Federation Service to Refugees(LWF(SR)):<\/strong><\/span> Established in Lund in 1947, this international Lutheran organization and its division <a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/refugee-services\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dedicated to refugee aid (Service to Refugees)<\/a> is the main focus of this website. LWF-SR primarily worked in spiritual aid (providing religious materials or organizing pastors\/congregations) and resettlement work.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/american-lutheran-aid\/#nlc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>National Lutheran Council(NLC):<\/strong><\/span> <\/a>The National Lutheran Council(NLC), formed in 1918, was an American Lutheran organization that primarily worked in <span>publicity, coordination of agencies and activities, and the creation of new agencies to deal with problems aroused by war and other emergency situations in the Lutheran Church.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/american-lutheran-aid\/#lwa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Lutheran World Action(LWA):<\/strong><\/span><\/a> Lutheran World Action was an American Lutheran fundraising appeal connected with the National Lutheran Council and Lutheran World Convention. Through different bulletins, films, or radio projects, it helped fund Lutheran relief services.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/american-lutheran-aid\/#LWR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Lutheran World Relief(LWR):<\/strong><\/span> <\/a>An important companion to LWA, Lutheran World Relief focused its efforts more on material relief, beginning in Germany and Finland but soon expanding to other countries.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/international-cooperations\/#LGA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Evangelisches Hilfswerk<\/strong><\/span>:<\/a> E<span>stablished by the bishops of the various Landeskirches of Germany at the bishop\u2019s conference at Treysa in 1945, Evangelisches Hilfwerk was the <\/span>aid organization of the German Lutheran Church.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Endnotes&#8221; module_id=&#8221;fn&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.1&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;gcid-a950cd5a-da4d-4ed7-9be9-78132498d37a&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{%22gcid-a950cd5a-da4d-4ed7-9be9-78132498d37a%22:%91%22background_color%22%93}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.22.2&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; header_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFF0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\">Endnotes<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kenneth C. Senft,\u00a0 \u201cThe Lutheran World Federation and the Displaced Person\u201d (PhD diss., Lutheran Theological Seminary, 1952), 1.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ibid.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">United Nations, \u201cConstitution of the International Refugee Organization,\u201d December 15, 1946, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">United Nations, Treaty Series<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, vol. 18, p. 3, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/treaties.un.org\/pages\/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&amp;mtdsg_no=V-1&amp;chapter=5&amp;clang=_en\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/treaties.un.org\/pages\/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&amp;mtdsg_no=V-1&amp;chapter=5&amp;clang=_en<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ibid.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kenneth C. Senft,\u00a0 \u201cThe Lutheran World Federation and the Displaced Person\u201d (PhD diss., Lutheran Theological Seminary, 1952)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lutheran World Federation, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lutheran World Federation Service to Refugees in Germany 1947-1949. Materials for Report<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, vol. 1, ed. Howard Hong (1949).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Doris L. Bergen, \u201cThe Nazi Concept of \u2018Volksdeutsche\u2019 and the Exacerbation of Anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe, 1939-45,\u201d <em>Journal of Contemporary History<\/em> 29, no. 4 (1994): 569\u201382. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/260679\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/260679<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>Ulrich Merten, <i>Forgotten Voices: The Expulsion of the Germans from Eastern Europe after World War II<\/i> (New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction Publishers, 2012), 7-20.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid, 20.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Haim Genizi, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">America\u2019s Fair Share: The Admission and Resettlement of Displaced Persons, 1945-1952<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1993), 111; Mark Wyman, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DP: Europe\u2019s Displaced Persons, 1945-1951<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, (Associated University Presses, Inc., 1989), 195.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clara Anderson,. \u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Final Statistics of the DP Program,\u201d letter from Clara Anderson to Dr. Paul Empie, May 21, 1952, Box 8, Folder 20, Paul C. Empie Files, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Archives of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, Chicago, United States.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Ibid.\u00a0<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<li>Ibid.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Click the button below to view the complete bibliography for this digital exhibition.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_button button_url=&#8221;@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9saW5rX3VybF9wYWdlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsicG9zdF9pZCI6IjM5In19@&#8221; url_new_window=&#8221;on&#8221; button_text=&#8221;Bibliography&#8221; button_alignment=&#8221;left&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _dynamic_attributes=&#8221;button_url&#8221; custom_button=&#8221;on&#8221; button_text_size=&#8221;14px&#8221; button_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; button_bg_color=&#8221;#e0d8c8&#8243; button_border_width=&#8221;0px&#8221; button_border_radius=&#8221;0px&#8221; button_letter_spacing=&#8221;1px&#8221; button_font=&#8221;|700||on|||||&#8221; transform_translate=&#8221;-4px|-15px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;|-60px|0px||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;|0px|||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;16px|28px|16px|28px|true|true&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Photo Credit&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.25.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#d9d3c1&#8243; min_height=&#8221;484.6px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;-41px|||||&#8221; collapsed=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;|auto||222px||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.21.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_2_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Photo Credits <\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">(from top to bottom, left to right)*<\/span><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Diagram differentiating displaced person and refugee, created by Anneke Shiller using Genially\u2122.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Group of people sitting in pews, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lutheran World Federation Service to Refugees Photographic Section, used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Group of people walking with person holding suitcase, Lutheran World Federation Service to Refugees Photographic Section<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Redacted assurance form from Lutheran Resettlement Service, St. Johns Lutheran Church Archive, Northfield, MN, used with permission of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\"><span>*Description ordering is based on computer view. If viewing this page on a smartphone or tablet, please check the descriptions provided as the ordering may be distorted.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Key Terms &amp; ConceptsDisplaced Person vs. RefugeeResettlementOrganizational AcronymsDisplaced Person vs. RefugeeWhen discussing World War II and aid to refugees, defining what a DP (displaced person) is and what a refugee is key to understanding the history. To summarize the core difference, Kenneth Senft, LWF-SR Area Director of the American Zone, writes: \u201cNot all refugees are [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1456,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-212","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/212","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1456"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=212"}],"version-history":[{"count":78,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/212\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4009,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/212\/revisions\/4009"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=212"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}