{"id":1467,"date":"2023-07-26T15:26:35","date_gmt":"2023-07-26T20:26:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/?page_id=1467"},"modified":"2026-07-06T13:34:44","modified_gmt":"2026-07-06T18:34:44","slug":"joint-christian-collaboration","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/joint-christian-collaboration\/","title":{"rendered":"Joint Christian Collaboration"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_section_regular et_block_section\" >\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h1>Joint Christian collaboration<\/h1>\n<h1><span style=\"font-size: 80px; letter-spacing: -0.02em;\"><\/span><\/h1>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 80px; letter-spacing: -0.02em;\"><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_button_module_wrapper et_pb_button_0_wrapper  et_pb_module \">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"et_pb_button et_d4_element et_pb_button_0 et_pb_bg_layout_light et_block_module\" href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/about-international-cooperation\/\">by Xiaoyang Hu<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_hover_enabled et_pb_with_background  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_section_regular et_block_section\" >\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_1  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h2>Quick Definitions<\/h2><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_accordion et_pb_accordion_0\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_toggle et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_accordion_item et_pb_accordion_item_0  et_pb_toggle_open\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"et_pb_toggle_title\">Church World Service (CWS)<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_toggle_content clearfix\"><p>Primarily dominated by Lutherans, the Church World Service (CWS) emerged as the recognized relief agency of the Protestant churches in America on May 8, 1946. By April 1947, CWS began its relief operations in Germany under UNRRA auspices. CWS cooperated with UNRRA in three areas: immigration to the U.S. under Truman\u2019s Directive, resettlement to other countries carried out by the Ecumenical Refugee Commission (ERC) of the World Council of Churches (WCC), and welfare programs for DP camp residents in the U.S zone. Its welfare programs included child welfare, vocational training, education and personal counseling. CWS also took care of many cases from the The American Christian Committee for Refugees which liquidated in July 1947. However, by May 1948, its welfare program was liquidated due to the drastic financial crisis.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_toggle et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_accordion_item et_pb_accordion_item_1  et_pb_toggle_close\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"et_pb_toggle_title\">World Council of Churches (WCC)<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_toggle_content clearfix\"><p>The World Council of Churches was based in Geneva and was established in the summer of 1948. However, its divisions and agencies had already been operating in postwar relief. Note that the WCC was NOT a CRALOG member.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_toggle et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_accordion_item et_pb_accordion_item_2  et_pb_toggle_close\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<h5 class=\"et_pb_toggle_title\">Young Men&#039;s Christian Association (YMCA)<\/h5>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_toggle_content clearfix\"><p>YMCA is non-governmental organization with local affiliated YMCAs.<\/p>\n<p>During WWII, YMCA-USA developed War Prisoner's Aid Program, working with prisoners of war on camps in more than 30 countries.<a href=\"#End\">1<\/a> Dr. Howard Hong, who worked for Lutheran World Federation Service to Refugees as well, worked with War Prisoners Aid of the World's YMCA both in the U.S. and Europe from 1943 to 1946. He went from a field secretary to the director of war prisoners' aid of YMCA in Denmark, Norway, and the British zone of Germany.<a href=\"#End\">2<\/a><a href=\"#End\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_section_regular section_has_divider et_pb_top_divider et_block_section\" >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_top_inside_divider et-no-transition\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_2  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_2  et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h2>Cooperations in between<\/h2><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column et_pb_column_3  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_3  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3><strong>Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) &amp; YMCA<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The YWCA and the YMCA both operated on DP camps. However, the YWCA supplied the recreational and spiritual activities, e.g. sport supplies, drawing competition, toy shops, theatrical groups, and cinema projects. Meanwhile, the YMCA organized the summer camps for children, introduced a training program for youth leadership. The YMCA had sent 111 persons in Germany by the end of 1946 with 63 persons in the US zone including the DP assistants by July 1947.<\/p>\n<h3>YMCA &amp; LWF<strong><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">YMCA agreed to having workers sent by the Lutheran World Federation but to work on the YMCA staff as special Lutheran representatives. This was crucial in the beginnings of LWF-SR work, since LWF did not have an agreement with IRO and the occupying powers to have a staff in Germany until 1947.<\/span>\u00a0<a href=\"#End\">3<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_4  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h2><em>Apart from the cooperation in the agreements, each of these agencies had different focuses:<\/em><\/h2>\n<h2><em style=\"font-size: 23px;\"><span style=\"font-size: x-large;\">WCC and YMCA were more interested in religious rehabilitation and spiritual aid, while LWF and CWS leaned more towards relief and immigration services.<\/span><\/em><\/h2><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column et_pb_column_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_5  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>CWS &amp; LWF<\/h3>\n<p>LWF was responsible for the Lutheran DPs in Europe. Yet given the Lutheran-majority in CWS, there were a lot of misunderstandings and disagreements between CWS and LWF. To avoid too much overlap, a coordinating committee was established in the summer of 1948\u00a0 composed of representatives of WCC, CWS, and LWF. LWF received complaints that they were actually doing their own independent service for Lutherans and disregarded other Protestant refugees from the other two agencies.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_6  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h2><strong>LWF &amp; WCC<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most of the LWF members were also members of the WCC. The World Council of Churches-Refugee Division (WCCRD) and LWFSR combined staffs to secure the maximum coverage of the field and the minimum area for each man. For instance, Dr. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Howard Hong served as LWF senior field representative and as senior field officer of WCCRD. <\/span>Both programs were coordinated also with CWS, through the coordinating committee\u00a0 (LWF, CWS, WCCRD) meeting in Geneva.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The three organizations had common planning and staff meetings, sharing and exchanging supplies until 1948 when they separated staffs. Although coordinated planning and cooperation still continued in very real and practical ways.<span style=\"font-size: small;\"><a href=\"#End\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">4<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column et_pb_column_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_7  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>CWS &amp; WCC (ERC incorporated)<\/h3>\n<p>CWS nominated some of its members to the Department of Reconstruction under WCC and transferred its cases to other Protestant agencies. In summer of 1948, CWS seriously curtailed its operations.<\/p>\n<p>During its operation, CWS worked closely together with WCC and ERC, a committee of WCC. They had cooperated with each other since March 1947 under the cooperation policy by the Department of Reconstruction(WCC) which was 80% funded by CWS. However, this is not to say there were not conflicts over overlapping work.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The ERC and CWS were sister agencies but experienced controversy about the direction of the services. The CWS leaned towards material aid, while the ERC, as a committee of WCC, focused more on spiritual ministry.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_4  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"lwa\" class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_8  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h1>Agreements Between WCC, LWF, and YMCA\/YWCA<\/h1><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_pb_with_background  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_section_regular et_block_section\" >\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_5  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_9  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Below is a collection of different agreements demonstrating the collaboration between these many Christian organizations working in post-war Europe. To learn more about where they were found or make the image larger, be sure to click on whichever interests you!<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_6  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_0\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/1.jpg\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" title=\"The Preamble of an agreement signed between WCC, CWS, LWF, and World YMCA and YWCA on October 17-19, 1947 in Geneva Switzerland. Used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation Geneva Archive and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap has-box-shadow-overlay\"><div class=\"box-shadow-overlay\"><\/div><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1260\" height=\"1480\" src=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/1.jpg\" alt=\"The Preamble of an agreement signed between WCC, CWS, LWF, and World YMCA and YWCA on October 17-19, 1947 in Geneva Switzerland. Used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation Geneva Archive and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.\" title=\"The Preamble of an agreement signed between WCC, CWS, LWF, and World YMCA and YWCA on October 17-19, 1947 in Geneva Switzerland. Used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation Geneva Archive and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/1.jpg 1260w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/1-980x1151.jpg 980w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/1-480x564.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1260px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-2461\" \/><\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/2.jpg\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" title=\"An agreement signed between WCC, CWS and LWF, used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation Geneva Archive and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap has-box-shadow-overlay\"><div class=\"box-shadow-overlay\"><\/div><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1404\" height=\"2068\" src=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/2.jpg\" alt=\"An agreement signed between WCC, CWS and LWF, used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation Geneva Archive and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.\" title=\"An agreement signed between WCC, CWS and LWF, used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation Geneva Archive and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/2.jpg 1404w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/2-1280x1885.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/2-980x1443.jpg 980w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/2-480x707.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) and (max-width: 1280px) 1280px, (min-width: 1281px) 1404px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-2462\" \/><\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_7  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column et_pb_column_10  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/3.jpg\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" title=\"An agreement signed between WCC Refugee Commission and YMCA\/YWCA, used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation Geneva Archive and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap has-box-shadow-overlay\"><div class=\"box-shadow-overlay\"><\/div><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1410\" height=\"1860\" src=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/3.jpg\" alt=\"An agreement signed between WCC Refugee Commission and YMCA\/YWCA, used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation Geneva Archive and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.\" title=\"An agreement signed between WCC Refugee Commission and YMCA\/YWCA, used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation Geneva Archive and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/3.jpg 1410w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/3-1280x1689.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/3-980x1293.jpg 980w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/3-480x633.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) and (max-width: 1280px) 1280px, (min-width: 1281px) 1410px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-2463\" \/><\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column et_pb_column_11  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/4.jpg\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" title=\"Working arrangements according to the agreements signed between YMCA and WCC, used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation Geneva Archive and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap has-box-shadow-overlay\"><div class=\"box-shadow-overlay\"><\/div><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1322\" height=\"1904\" src=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/4.jpg\" alt=\"Working arrangements according to the agreements signed between YMCA and WCC, used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation Geneva Archive and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.\" title=\"Working arrangements according to the agreements signed between YMCA and WCC, used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation Geneva Archive and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/4.jpg 1322w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/4-1280x1844.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/4-980x1411.jpg 980w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/4-480x691.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) and (max-width: 1280px) 1280px, (min-width: 1281px) 1322px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-2464\" \/><\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_1_3 et_pb_column et_pb_column_12  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/5.jpg\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" title=\"An agreement signed between the NLC and CWS, used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation Archive and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap has-box-shadow-overlay\"><div class=\"box-shadow-overlay\"><\/div><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1646\" height=\"2106\" src=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/5.jpg\" alt=\"An agreement signed between the NLC and CWS, used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation Archive and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.\" title=\"An agreement signed between the NLC and CWS, used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation Archive and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/5.jpg 1646w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/5-1280x1638.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/5-980x1254.jpg 980w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1702\/2023\/08\/5-480x614.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) and (max-width: 1280px) 1280px, (min-width: 1281px) 1646px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-2465\" \/><\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div id=\"End\" class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_section et_pb_section_4 et_pb_with_background  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_section_regular et_block_section\" >\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_8  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_13  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_10  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h1 style=\"text-align: left;\">Sources<\/h1>\n<p>1. \u201cOur History,\u201d <i>ASYMCA National Headquarters<\/i> (blog), accessed August 1, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/asymca.org\/about\/history\/\">https:\/\/asymca.org\/about\/history\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>2. Hong, V. Howard (biography file)<span>, ELCA Archives, Chicago.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>3. Kenneth C. Senft,<span>\u00a0\u201cThe Lutheran World Federation and the Displaced Person\u201d (PhD diss., Lutheran Theological Seminary, 1952), found in Kierkegaard Library Rare Books Room<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>4. Kenneth C. Senft, <span>\u201cThe Lutheran World Federation and the Displaced Person\u201d (PhD diss., Lutheran Theological Seminary, 1952), found in Kierkegaard Library Rare Books Room<\/span><\/p>\n<p>***A majority of the information on this page comes from the book: <span>Haim Genizi, <\/span><i>America\u2019s Fair Share: The Admission and Resettlement of Displaced Persons, 1945-1952<\/i><span> (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1994).<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_button_module_wrapper et_pb_button_1_wrapper et_pb_button_alignment_left et_pb_module \">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"et_pb_button et_d4_element et_pb_button_1 et_pb_bg_layout_light et_block_module\" href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/research-resources\/\" target=\"_blank\">Bibliography<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_section et_pb_section_5 et_pb_with_background  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_section_regular et_block_section\" >\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_9  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_14  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_11  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h1 style=\"text-align: left;\">Images<\/h1>\n<p>1. (Heading) The front page of a statement issued by a Conference of representatives of the World Council of Churches, Church World Services Inc. (representing more than twenty Church bodies in the U.S.A.) the Lutheran World Federation, the World's Alliance of Y.M.C.A., and the World's Y.W.C.A. on October 19, 1947 in Geneva, Switzerland. <span>used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation Geneva Archive and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>2. The Preamble of an agreement signed between WCC, CWS, LWF, and World YMCA and YWCA on October 17-19, 1947 in Geneva Switzerland. U<span>sed with permission of the Lutheran World Federation Geneva Archive and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>3. An agreement signed between WCC, CWS and LWF, used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation Geneva Archive and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>4. An agreement signed between WCC Refugee Commission and YMCA\/YWCA, used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation Geneva Archive and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>5. Working arrangements according to the agreements signed between YMCA and WCC,\u00a0used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation Geneva Archive and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>6. An agreement signed between the NLC and CWS, used with permission of the Lutheran World Federation Archive and Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":5122,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1467","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1467","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5122"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1467"}],"version-history":[{"count":58,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1467\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5374,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1467\/revisions\/5374"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/lwf-refugee-service\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1467"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}