{"id":7938,"date":"2023-10-12T12:57:54","date_gmt":"2023-10-12T17:57:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/americanmusic\/?p=7938"},"modified":"2023-10-12T12:57:54","modified_gmt":"2023-10-12T17:57:54","slug":"violent-notation-harvey-b-gaul-black-spirituals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/americanmusic\/2023\/10\/12\/violent-notation-harvey-b-gaul-black-spirituals\/","title":{"rendered":"Violent Notation: Harvey B. Gaul & Black Spirituals"},"content":{"rendered":"

Harvey B. Gaul was an organist and composer in the early 20th century. He worked in various church music positions across the country, but was based in Pittsburgh for 35 years of his career, and was a central fixture of the music community in the city. He is even memorialized by the Pittsburgh New Music Ensemble\u2019s composition contest, which bears his name.<\/span>1<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

During his prolific career as a composer and church musician, Gaul arranged a few spirituals\/folk songs of African-American origin. There are two such examples that I found. The first is a song titled \u201cAin\u2019t It a Shame,\u201d which is published alongside another song under the larger title \u201cNegro [sic] Dialect Songs.\u201d The other is called \u201cSouth Carolina Croon Song.\u201d This latter work cites a lyricist named Will Deems, but I was unable to find any information about him. Although definitely not a unique case in his time, Gaul\u2019s arrangements demonstrate perfectly the idea that using notation to transcribe non-Western classical music can be a violent act.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Title and Subtitle from “Ain’t It a Shame” sheet music.<\/p><\/div>\n

What struck me about the first tune was the title of the larger work, which attributes these songs to Black Americans. Yet the credited arranger being Gaul, and the origin being as vague as an entire race, Gaul is the only one who benefits materially from the publication of this tune. Any sense of giving credit through this title is overshadowed by every other aspect of arrangement. The use of the word \u201cdialect\u201d also seems to other this song by distinguishing the way that Black Americans speak and sing from the way that White Americans do. The subtitle for the tune also labels it as a \u201csemi-spiritual.\u201d2<\/sup><\/a> This appeared odd to me, as it has religious themes, and there\u2019s nothing I have noticed about the tune that would disqualify it as a spiritual. There is an overall sense from these elements of the sheet music that the tunes are not taken entirely seriously as worthwhile music.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Note about the origins of the “South Carolina Croon Song”<\/p><\/div>\n

The \u201cSouth Carolina Croon Song,\u201d despite the title not referring to dialect in the way the other tune does, features lyrics that are notated to indicate the vernacular speech of Black Americans in the south. \u201cDon\u2019 yo\u2019 hear yo\u2019 pappy play de banjo chune?\u201d3<\/sup><\/a><\/span> is just one example of this. The sheet music also features a note at the bottom of the first page that says, \u201cSung by an old Mammy on a South Carolina Plantation on the Back River.\u201d4<\/sup><\/a><\/span> This is just plain lazy citation. This woman is not named, and the descriptor \u201cold Mammy\u201d could very easily be interpreted as a diminutive. The written elements of this arrangement already demonstrate a lack of respect for the origins of the music that is being exploited by Gaul.<\/span><\/p>\n

Finally, what was most striking evidence of the violence of Gaul\u2019s notation of these tunes was the recording I found of White American contralto Kathryn Meisle performing \u201cSouth Carolina Croon Song.\u201d In the citation, it even indicates that perhaps Will Deems was a pseudonym for Gaul, and not a real lyricist. The recording creates this romanticized vision of the \u201cold Mammy\u201d singing this tune on the \u201cBack River.\u201d The mournful orchestral accompaniment, and the distinctly operatic style of singing are all evidence of a desperate attempt to take a folk tune and cram it into the Western classical tradition. Gaul\u2019s transcriptions are gross misappropriations of these tunes, beyond any justification of preservation or appreciation.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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