{"id":1685,"date":"2017-10-02T19:58:33","date_gmt":"2017-10-03T00:58:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/americanmusic\/?p=1685"},"modified":"2017-10-02T19:59:43","modified_gmt":"2017-10-03T00:59:43","slug":"nobody-knows-the-trouble-ive-seen-marian-anderson-and-spiritual-transmission","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/americanmusic\/2017\/10\/02\/nobody-knows-the-trouble-ive-seen-marian-anderson-and-spiritual-transmission\/","title":{"rendered":"Nobody Knows the Trouble I&#8217;ve Seen: Marian Anderson and Spiritual Transmission"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_1692\" style=\"width: 261px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/593\/2017\/10\/Marian_Anderson_October-25-1951.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1692\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1692\" src=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/593\/2017\/10\/Marian_Anderson_October-25-1951-251x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"251\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/americanmusic\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/593\/2017\/10\/Marian_Anderson_October-25-1951-251x300.jpg 251w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/americanmusic\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/593\/2017\/10\/Marian_Anderson_October-25-1951-126x150.jpg 126w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/americanmusic\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/593\/2017\/10\/Marian_Anderson_October-25-1951.jpg 736w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 251px) 100vw, 251px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-1692\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marian Anderson in 1951<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Marian Anderson occupies a unique position in history. Born in 1897, the contralto represents the culmination of hundreds of years of musical transmission and development along with the continuously evolving nature of American Culture.<\/p>\n<p>Her recording of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.loc.gov\/jukebox\/recordings\/detail\/id\/10169\">Nobody Knows the Trouble I&#8217;ve Seen\u00a0<\/a>made in December of 1924,specifically, illustrates the complex history of spiritual transmission. First described as part of an 1866 description of a shout held in an old cotton gin house by an author named only M.R.S.,\u00a0and later transcribed in the 1867 collection\u00a0<em>Slave Songs of the United States,\u00a0<\/em>this shout, like many, has a rich transmission history. Since its initial transciption, the shout has been taken on tour by the Fisk Jubilee Singers and performed by a number of artist from Louis Armstrong to Mahalia Jackson (here&#8217;s\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/user\/sirianabeth\/playlist\/4cfEOxY0suZnQsPj2UUHb4\">a playlist<\/a> of different versions of the Nobody Know&#8217;s the Trouble I&#8217;ve Seen). \u00a0Below is the 1924 recording (remastered and brought to you courtesy of Spotify) of Anderson&#8217;s. Take a listen to the recording while you read the rest of this post.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\n<!-- iframe plugin v.6.0 wordpress.org\/plugins\/iframe\/ -->\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/embed\/track\/5HmrIlDmmoTIlXLp8mbFxe\" width=\"550\" height=\"180\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\"><\/iframe>\n<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"color: #800000\">So why this recording?<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Anderson would debut in Europe at Wigmore hall in London in 1930, and later, would famously <a href=\"http:\/\/search.alexanderstreet.com\/view\/work\/bibliographic_entity%7Cbiography%7C438020#page\/1\/mode\/1\/chapter\/bibliographic_entity|biography|438020\">perform<\/a> for a crowd of 75 000 at the Lincoln Memorial after she had been denied a performing space at Constitution Hall on racial grounds. Before all that, however, she made<a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/jukebox\/artists\/detail\/id\/1077\"> these recordings<\/a> of spirituals, shouts, and work songs. What is striking about this recording of <em>Nobody Knows the Trouble I&#8217;ve Seen <\/em>is Anderson&#8217;s vocal technique and how that reflects contemporaneous American cultural ideologies.<\/p>\n<p>The technique used on the recording echoes the sound Anderson uses in the works she most frequently performs; the Lied of Schubert. Her use of classical technique to cover a song that had once been a ring shout is telling of the way\u00a0<em>Nobody Knows the Trouble I&#8217;ve Seen\u00a0<\/em>has changed over time. While some may argue that her technique is simply a result of her classical training, I would posit a more insidious explanation. As the Fisk Jubilee Singers demonstrated through their early performances of traditional spirituals, often times the vocal technique used when singing spirituals had to be altered so that the original spiritual could be safe for white consumption. The emphasis on western tonality as the only acceptable and marketable base for music contributes to the erasure of diversity in the &#8220;American&#8221; musical canon. \u00a0Zora Neale Hurston in her work\u00a0<em>Spirituals and Neo-Spirituals <\/em>goes so far as to<em>\u00a0<\/em>argue,<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>There never has been a presentation of genuine Negro spirituals to any audience anywhere. What is being sung by the concert artists and glee clubs are the works of Negro composers or adaptors based on the spirituals.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>While this recording shows Marian Andersons&#8217; devotion to performing spirituals, it also demonstrates how capitalist necessity and white supremacy absorb and appropriate any culture deemed to be &#8220;the other&#8221; and, in doing so, prohibit any genuine presentation of a spiritual.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1707\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/593\/2017\/10\/Screen-Shot-2017-10-02-at-7.53.39-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1707\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1707\" src=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/593\/2017\/10\/Screen-Shot-2017-10-02-at-7.53.39-PM-300x226.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"226\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/americanmusic\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/593\/2017\/10\/Screen-Shot-2017-10-02-at-7.53.39-PM-300x226.png 300w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/americanmusic\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/593\/2017\/10\/Screen-Shot-2017-10-02-at-7.53.39-PM-150x113.png 150w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/americanmusic\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/593\/2017\/10\/Screen-Shot-2017-10-02-at-7.53.39-PM-768x579.png 768w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/americanmusic\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/593\/2017\/10\/Screen-Shot-2017-10-02-at-7.53.39-PM-1024x771.png 1024w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/americanmusic\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/593\/2017\/10\/Screen-Shot-2017-10-02-at-7.53.39-PM-398x300.png 398w, https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/americanmusic\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/593\/2017\/10\/Screen-Shot-2017-10-02-at-7.53.39-PM.png 1038w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-1707\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Transcription of Nobody Knows the Trouble I&#8217;ve Had from Slave Songs of the United States (1867)<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"mceTemp\">At the start of a career, it is incredibly important to build an audience, and if the majority people who were paying for her recordings wanted to hear an &#8220;idealized&#8221; spiritual, an &#8220;idealized&#8221; spiritual is what they would get. Classical technique and pure westernized vowels would reign supreme over the original spiritual singing technique which placed greater emphasis on expression of lyrics and rhythm. \u00a0The influence of white audiences on the sound of spirituals like the one exhibited here can be seen as symptomatic of a larger societal problem wherein white tastes and experiences are centered over those of people of color. Marian Anderson&#8217;s recording of <em>Nobody Knows the Trouble I&#8217;ve Seen<\/em> represents another chapter in spiritual transmission and simultaneously serves as an example of the ways music reflects and influences dominant culture ideologies.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Just a Note: The articles on Marian Anderson from the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oxfordmusiconline.com\/subscriber\/article\/grove\/music\/00865?q=marian+anderson&amp;search=quick&amp;source=omo_gmo&amp;pos=1&amp;_start=1#S00865\">New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/search.alexanderstreet.com\/view\/work\/bibliographic_entity%7Cbiography%7C438020#page\/1\/mode\/1\/chapter\/bibliographic_entity|biography|438020\">African American Music Reference<\/a>\u00a0 focus heavily on her amazing performance at the Lincoln Memorial. Take a break from scholarly journals and learn more about it from this <a href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2014\/04\/09\/298760473\/denied-a-stage-she-sang-for-a-nation\">NPR article<\/a>. Also, if you want to learn more about Anderson, check out <a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/user\/sirianabeth\/playlist\/7vzb0l03yZlZbOObPjKNPh\">this other playlist<\/a> of her performing spirituals and pieces from the Western Classical canon.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Photographs From <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marian-anderson.com\/about\/photos\/\">Marian Anderson&#8217;s Website<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Works Cited<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8220;Anderson, Marian, 1897-1993, by AMG, All Music Guide.&#8221; In <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">All Music Guide: The Definitive Guide to Popular Music<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, 1. San Francisco, CA: Backbeat Books, 2001. Accessed October 3, 2017. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/search.alexanderstreet.com\/view\/work\/bibliographic_entity%7Cbiography%7C438020\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">http:\/\/search.alexanderstreet.com\/view\/work\/bibliographic_entity%7Cbiography%7C438020<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Epstein, Dena J. <i>Sinful tunes and spirituals: Black folk music to the Civil War<\/i>. Urbana Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1977.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Max de Schauensee<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Alan Blyth<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8220;Anderson, Marian.&#8221; <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Grove Music Online<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oxford Music Online<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Oxford University Press<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, accessed <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">October 2, 2017<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.oxfordmusiconline.com\/subscriber\/article\/grove\/music\/00865\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">http:\/\/www.oxfordmusiconline.com\/subscriber\/article\/grove\/music\/00865<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tick, Judith, and Beaudoin, Paul, eds. 2008. Music in the USA : A Documentary Companion. Cary: Oxford University Press, USA. Accessed October 2, 2017. ProQuest Ebook Central.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Williamson, Etta L. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Journal of Negro Education<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 26, no. 1 (1957): 38-40. doi:10.2307\/2293324.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2014\/04\/09\/298760473\/denied-a-stage-she-sang-for-a-nation\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2014\/04\/09\/298760473\/denied-a-stage-she-sang-for-a-nation<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/docsouth.unc.edu\/church\/allen\/allen.html#slsong55\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Slave Songs of the United States <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1867<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Marian Anderson occupies a unique position in history. Born in 1897, the contralto represents the culmination of hundreds of years of musical transmission and development along with the continuously evolving nature of American Culture. Her recording of Nobody Knows the &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/americanmusic\/2017\/10\/02\/nobody-knows-the-trouble-ive-seen-marian-anderson-and-spiritual-transmission\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2235,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[736,251,737,158,738,127,739],"class_list":["post-1685","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-marian-anderson","tag-music-transcription","tag-music-transmission","tag-nobody-knows-the-trouble-ive-seen","tag-ring-shouts","tag-spirituals","tag-spotify-playlists"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p7jEhR-rb","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/americanmusic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1685","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/americanmusic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/americanmusic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/americanmusic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2235"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/americanmusic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1685"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/americanmusic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1685\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1712,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/americanmusic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1685\/revisions\/1712"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/americanmusic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1685"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/americanmusic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1685"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pages.stolaf.edu\/americanmusic\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1685"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}